This could lead to a faster-than-projected collapse of marine ice shelves and the abrupt, widespread onset Valentina Of 4 marine ice cliff instability (a process in which ice cliffs collapse under their own weight) and ice sheet instability (a positive feedback loop that leads to runaway melting) in Antarctica, and a faster than projected ice loss in Greenland including reduced albedo as its ice melts. Recent Antarctic ice mass loss from radar interferometry and regional climate modelling. Joughin, I., Smith, B. E. & Howat, I. Greenland Ice Mapping Project: ice flow velocity variation at sub-monthly to decadal timescales. Joughin, I., Abdalati, W. & Fahnestock, M. Large fluctuations in speed on Greenland’s Jakobshavn Isbræ glacier. Ice velocity Valentina of 4 Jakobshavn Isbræ, Petermann Glacier, Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden, and Zachariæ Isstrøm, 2015-2017, from Sentinel 1-a/b SAR imagery. Continued evolution of Jakobshavn Isbrae following its rapid speedup. Caron, L., Métivier, L., Greff-Lefftz, M., Fleitout, L. & Rouby, H. Inverting Glacial Isostatic Adjustment signal using Bayesian framework and two linearly relaxing rheologies. Lambeck, K., Rouby, H., Purcell, A., Sun, Y. & Sambridge, M. Closing the sea level budget at the Last Glacial Maximum.
Fleming, K. & Lambeck, K. Constraints on the Greenland Ice Sheet since the Last Glacial Maximum from sea-level observations and glacial-rebound models. Further details of the satellite observations used in this study are provided in Supplementary Table 1. Refs. Participant datasets used in this study and their main contributors. The interval 2003-2010 includes almost all datasets and is selected as the overlap period. Extended Data Fig. 1 Ice sheet mass balance datasets. Trends in Antarctic Ice Sheet elevation and mass. Greenland ice sheet mass balance assessed by PROMICE (1995-2015). Geol. Mernild, S. H., Liston, G. E., Hiemstra, C. A. & Christensen, J. H. Greenland Ice Sheet surface mass-balance modeling in a 131-yr perspective, 1950-2080. J. Hydrometeorol. High resolution (1 km) positive degree-day modelling of Greenland ice sheet surface mass balance, 1870-2012 using reanalysis data. Coherent radar ice thickness measurements over the Greenland ice sheet. Extended Data Fig. 2 Greenland Ice Sheet drainage basins. Extended Data Fig. 3 Modelled glacial isostatic adjustment in Greenland. Martinec, Z. & Hagedoorn, J. The rotational feedback on linear-momentum balance in glacial isostatic adjustment. GIA. G.M., M.E.P. and T. Slater performed the mass balance data collation and analysis. G.M. and M.E.P. led the production of all other figures and tables.
A.S. led the writing, E.I., K.B., M.E., and T. Slater led the drafting and editing, M.v.W. P.W. led the IOM, altimetry, SMB, gravimetry and GIA experiments, respectively. SMB text, P.W. and I.S. Extended Data Table 1 (P.W. I.O. contributed elsewhere. A.S., K.B., H.K., G.M., M.E.P, I.S., S.B.S., T. Slater, P.W. A.S., E.I., K.B., M.E., N.G., A.H., H.K., M.M., I.O., I.S., T. Slater, M.v.W. GIA text and N.G., A.H., H.K., M.M. G.K., S.N., T.P. and T. Scambos provided additional supervision on glaciology, K.B., A.H., Valentinaof4 I.J., M.E.E. T.W. provided additional supervision on satellite observations and N.S. Nagler, T., Rott, H., Hetzenecker, M., Wuite, J. & Potin, P. The Sentinel-1 Mission: New Opportunities for Ice Sheet Observations. Mouginot, J., Rignot, E., Scheuchl, B. & Millan, R. Comprehensive annual ice sheet velocity mapping using Landsat-8, Sentinel-1, and RADARSAT-2 data. Sun, Y., Riva, R. & Ditmar, P. Optimizing estimates of annual variations and trends in geocenter motion and J2 from a combination of GRACE data and geophysical models.
The number of data available in each calendar year. T. Slater performed the AR5 data analysis. The Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA-2). A.S. was additionally supported by a Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award and the UK Natural Environment Research Council Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling. Times Union (Albany, New York). Despite the increasing build-up of Germany’s war machine and the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Soviet Union did not cooperate with any other nation, choosing to follow its own path. The Soviet Union adopted a command economy, whereby production and distribution of goods were centralized and directed by the government. Under his provincial leadership, work started on various construction and infrastructure projects in the city of Sverdlovsk, including a subway system, the replacement of its barracks housing, new theaters and a circus, the refurbishment of its 1912 opera house, and youth housing projects to build new homes for young families. No record exists of romantic celebrations on Valentine’s Day prior to a poem Chaucer wrote around 1375. In his work “Parliament of Foules,” he links a tradition of courtly love with the celebration of St. Valentine’s feast day-an association that didn’t exist until after his poem received widespread attention.